Gendered Impacts of Syrian Civil War
Keywords:
Syria, Gender, Violence Against Women, WarAbstract
After the Arab springs challenged the old dictatorial regimes across the Middle East, little did anybody expect that it will lead to destabilization of entire region. With the failure of revolution in the Syria, the Syria turned into a nightmare creating one of the worse catastrophes of 21st century. Although the Syrian civil war has widely been covered from different aspects of polity, economy, terrorism, civil rights etc. this paper analyses the gendered impacts of Syrian civil war on the natives of Syria. The Syrian population is now residing across different countries and camps in the world, but the gendered impacts of this war has impacted men and women differently. The failure of United Nation so far to control the widespread violence perpetrated by state and non-state actors has diminished the humane aspects of this tragedy. This paper examines the gendered impacts of civil war and in particular the impacts of gender-based violence against women and young girls of Syria whether they are living in refugee camps in neighboring countries or within the war-ravaged country. The impacts of this war have been uneven for men and women. The women lost not only their immediate family members but were forced to work to feed themselves and their children. The paper highlights the gendered impacts and how they need to be considered in Shaping a new Syria.
References
1. Syria has a massive Rape Crisis The Atlantic Lauren wolfe 3 rd April 2013 https://www.theatlantic.com/international/ archive/2013/04/syria-has-a-massive-rape- crisis/274583/ Last accessed on 25 th of November 2018
2. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/n umber-syrian-refugees-passes-million- 170330132040023.html Last accessed on 25th of November 2018
3. Eriksson, Maria. 2011. Defining Rape: Emerging Obligations for States under International Law? Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, p. 156.
4. Hilary Charlesworth, Feminist methods in International Law, American Journal of International Law, vol 93, pp.781-796
5. Valentine Moghadam, Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East, Lynne Reihner Publishers, 2003.
6. Art. 3 d, Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence
7. Inter-Agency Standing Committee Guidelines for Gender -Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings, 2005,
8. De Brouwer, Anne -Marie.. Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence: The ICC and the Practice of the ICTY and the ICTR. Belgium: Interse ntia NV, p. 10. 2005
9. http://sn4hr.org/wp-content/pdf/english /24746_women_have_been_killed_in_Syri a_since_March_2011_en.pdf
10. See International Rescue Committee (IRC), Syria: A Regional Crisis, January 2013: www.rescue.org/sites/default/ files/resource-file/IRCReportMidEast 20130114.pdf
11. U.N. aided 38,000 victims of Syrian gender-based violence in 2013 Reuters report also see http://www.reuters.com /article/us-syria-crisis-rape- idUSBREA0711R20140108 JHRLP (2019) 19-26 © Law Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved Page 25
12. "Report: rape used as weapon of war against Syria women". Beirut: Al Arabiya. AFP. 25 Nov 2013 also see http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middl e-east/2013/11/25/Report-rape-used-as- weapon-of-war-against-Syria-women- .html
13. Violence against women in Syria, Breaking the silence published by International Federation for Human Rights, Jordan.
14. GhidaAnani. Dimensions of gender-based violence against Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Forced Migration Review, September 2014.
15. Jane Warburton “Preventing the sexual exploitation of children A mapping of practice and intervention” E CPAT International Journal,11,(2016):4-24
16. Report of the independent commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic UN Human Rights Council. 23 November 2011. Also see http://www.ohchr.org /Documents/Countries/SY/A.HRC.S- 17.2.Add.1_en.pdf Last accessed on 25 th of November 2018
17. Freccero J, Biswas D, Whitting A, Alrabe K,Seelinger KT, (2017) sexual exploitation of unaccounted migrant and refugee boys in Greece:Approaches to prevention. PLOS medicine 14(11):e1002438
18. Emergency within Emergency published by FXB Center for Health and Human Rights Harvard University, also see https://fxb.harvard.edu/2017/04/17/new- report-emergency-within-an-emergency- exploitation-of-migrant-children-in- greece/ Last accessed on 25th of November 2018
19. Buvinic, Mayra; Das Gupta, Monica; Casabonne, Ursula; Verwimp, Philip. 2013. Violent conflict and gender inequality: an overview. Policy Research working paper; no. WPS 6371. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.also see http://documents.worldbank. org/curated/en/270811468327340654/Viol ent-conflict-and-gender-inequality-an- overview Last accessed on 25 th of November 2018
20. Masterson AR, Usta J, Gupta J, Ettinger AS. Assessment of reproductive health and violence against women among displaced Syrians in Lebanon. BMC Women’s Health 2014; 14(25).
21. Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Medecins du Monde, International Medical Corps. Syrian Refugee a nd Affected Host Population Health Access Survey in Lebanon. 2015. Jordan 2014.
22. On her own: How women forced to flee from Syria are shouldering increased responsibility as they struggle to survive. Care International report.
23. Patricia Justino, Ivan Cardona , Rebecca Mitchell and Catherine Müller. Quantifying the Impact of Women’s Participation in Post -Conflict Economic Recovery.
24. ILO, Towards Decent Work in Lebanon: Issues and Challenges in Light of the Syrian Refugee Crisis, 2015, pp.36 37, https://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/down load.php?id=11051 Last accessed on 25 th of November 2018
25. Turshen, Meredith and Twagiramariya, Clotilde ed. (1998) ‘Women’s War stories’ in what women do in wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa. London: Zed Books.
26. Human Rights Watch: Lebanon – Syrian Women at Risk of Sex Trafficking, 2016
27. MackreathHelen, THE Gendered realities of Displacement : Syrian women in Istanbul Algebra labs.
28. Katharine Jones, Syrian refugees in Lebanon are falling into slavery and exploitation, 14 April 2016, http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/syr ianrefugees- lebanon-are-falling-slavery- and-exploitation-2001907407 Last accessed on 25th of November 2018.
29. Akram S., 2013; Austin J, Guy S, Lee - Jones L, McGinn T, Schlecht J. Reproductive Health: A Right for Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons. Reproductive Health Matters 2008; 16(31):10-21.
30. Akram S. Millennium Development Goals and the Protection of Displaced and Refugee Women and Girls. Laws 2013;2(3):283-313. JHRLP (2019) 19-26 © Law Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved Page 26
31. Baker D. Regional Situation Report for Syria Crisis. Geneva: UNFPA; 2014 July 31, 2014.
32. Melanie M. Hughes, Armed Conflict, International Linkages, and Women's Parliamentary Representation in Developing Nations see http: //doi.org/10.1525/sp.2009.56.1.174 Last accessed on 25th of November 2018
33. Gender in conflict by Christian Die trich and Clodagh Quain, EU Institute for Security Studies, . | 2014. Cite this Article Junaid Ul Shafi . Gendered Impacts of Syrian Civil War. Journal of Human Rights Law and Practice. 2019; 2(1): 19–26p
