Sale of Goods Under the Uniform Act: Private International Law Considerations

Authors

  • Ngatchou Toto Carles

Keywords:

Uniform Act, Sale of Goods, Private International Law, Conflict of Laws, International Trade, OHADA, CISG

Abstract

This paper critically analyzes the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa’s Uniform Act on Sale of Goods’ principles of private international law. The present study conducts an in-depth examination of the Uniform Act’s provisions relating to jurisdiction, applicable law, and recognition/enforcement of foreign judgments, with a view to identifying challenges and potential areas for reform. The efficiency of the Act in harmonizing the rules governing international sales contracts is assessed through a comparison examination with pertinent international agreements, such as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The conclusions offer suggestions for improving the Act’s provisions pertaining to private international law, enabling effective dispute settlement, and encouraging international collaboration.

References

Uniform Act on General Commercial Law, available at: http://www.ohadalegis.com/ anglais/telAUGB/2010-Ohada-General-Commercial-Law-en.pdf, Accessed on 20 May 2024

International Law Editorial, Comprehensive Overview of Private International Law Essentials, April 19 2024, Available at: https://worldjurisprudence.com/private-international-law-overview/, accessed on 15 April 2024

Petra H.K. and Helena H., Effective dispute prevention and resolution through proactive contract design, 2021. International journal of Commerce and Contracting, Vol. 5, Issue 1-2, available at: https://journal.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20555636211016878, accessed on 15 May 2024.

Lisa-Marie G., Governance for achieving the sustainable development goals: how important are participation, policy coherence, reflexivity, adaptation and democratic institutions?, Earth system governance, Volume 2, April 2019. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S2589811619300308, accessed on 10 May 2024.

Like in Section 2(1) of the SoGO 1979

Notion and Basis of a contract, Lib extended Programme, Nelson Mandela University, available at: https://www.studocu.com/en-za/document/nelson-mandela-university/IIb-extended-programme/chapter-1-nature-basis-of-a-contract/8286411, accessed on 20 April 2024

True T., Beneficial Owner, 2023, available at: https://www.financetrategists.com/wealth-management/investment-management/beneficial-owner/, accessed on 20 May 2024

Kane D., Explain the rules regarding transfer of ownership from seller to the buyer, available at: https://www.owlgen.org/explain-the-rules-regarding-transfer-of-ownership-from-seller-to-the-buyer/, accessed on 10 September 2024

Pr. Gerard M. and Stefan R., Retention of Title – A Thorn in the Side, Guildhall Chambers, available at: https://www.guildhallchambers.co.uk/files/RetentionofTitle_StefanRamel&Gerald McMeel.pdf, accessed on 20 July 2024

UNCITRAL Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the international sale of goods, available at: https://cisg-online.org/media/P942TA7J/2016_UNCITRAL_CISG_Digest_Article_31.pdf, accessed on 15 September 2024

UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) 1980, available at: https://jusmundi.com/en/document/treaty/en-united-nations-convention-on-contracts-for-the-international-sale-of-goods-vienna-convention-on-the-international-sale-of-goods-1980, accessed on 20 April 2024.

Limbiq, Incoterms: What they mean and how they can be applied in supply chain manage, available at: https://www.limbiq.com/blog-posts/incoterms-what-they-mean-and-how-they-can-be-applied-in-supply-chain-management, accessed on 15 May 2024; Also see Sec. 220 UAGCL

Ibid; Sec. 221 UAGCL

Available at: https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/11/17/merely-having-an-explicit-clause-not-sufficient-to-make-time-the-essence-of-the-contract-sc/ accessed on 15 May 2024 ; Sec 222 UAGCL

Sec 223 UAGCL

Sec 224 UAGCL

Sec 226 UAGCL

Sec. 230 UAGCL

Me Sebastien F., What is the legal warranty against latent (hidden) defects?, 2015, available at: https://fisetlegal.com/en/what-is-the-legal-warranty-against-latent-hidden-defects/, accessed on 20 May 2024

Sec 231 UAGCL

Sec.232 UAGCL

Law 231 Ch 21 SB, available at: https://quizlet.com/736551925/law-231-ch-21-sb-flash-cards/, accessed on 25 May 2024

Comprehensive lecture notes on theory, case law and practice for the sale of goods act (commercial law module) 2018/2019 academic year, https://www.studocu.com/en-gb/document/cardiff-university/commercial-law/sale-of-goods-act-complete-lecture-notes/17569530, accessed on 5 June 2024

All Answers ltd, ‘rights and obligations of the seller and buyer’, available at: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/commercial-law/rights-and-obligations-law-essays.php, accessed on 20 June 2024

Ulrich M. D., Obligations of the buyer in commercial transactions, in elements of the law of commercial transactions, available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/commercial-transaction/obligations-of-the-buyer, accessed on 15 June 2024

4 types of pricing methods – explained, available at: https://www.economicsdiscussion. net/marketing-management/pricing/4-types-of-pricing-methods-explained/3841, accessed on 30 May 2024.

UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) 1980, available at: https://jusmundi.com/en/document/treaty/en-united-nations-convention-on-contracts-for-the-international-sale-of-goods-vienna-convention-on-the-international-sale-of-goods-1980, accessed on 20 April 2024.

Ibid.

All Answers ltd, ‘loss of right to reject and terminate a contract’, 2021, available at: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/commercial-law/loss-of-right-to-reject-and-terminate-commercial-law-essay.php, accessed on 20 June 2024

Ibid.

Larry A., Lucien D., Stephanie G., Virginia M. and Marisa P., Common obligations of Buyers and Sellers, Cambridge University Press, 2009, Ibid.

Larry A., Lucien D., Stephanie G., Virginia M. and Marisa P., Common obligations of Buyers and Sellers, Cambridge University Press, 2009, available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/ books/international-sales-law/common-obligations-of-buyers-and-sellers/DDF7A8EBF4AC3C5527ABAE889762C1F0, accessed on 20 June 2024

Ibid.

UNCITRAL Digest of case law on the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International sale of goods, available at: https://cisg-online.org/media/MS277H1T/2016_UNCITRAL_ CISG_Digest_Article_79.pdf, accessed on 15 June 2024

Ibid. available at: https://cisg-online.org/media/IB7H03TS/2016_UNCITRAL_CISG_ Digest_Article_81.pdf, accessed on 10 June 2024

Though, although, despite, inspite of, and However, available at: https://www.scribd.com/document/372655595/though-although-despite-in-spite-of-and-however, accessed on 20 May 2024

Ibid.

Ibid. available at: https://cisg-online.org/media/XM763XI7/2016_UNCITRAL_CISG_Digest_ Article_49.pdf, accessed on 10 May 2024.

Secretariat-Commentary, article 74, CISG, https://cisg-online.org/media/3N33WM31/Secretariat-Commentary_Article_74_CISG.pdf, accessed on 10 May 2024

Law on sales Chapter 5-9, Available at: https://studylib.net/doc/26060359/law-on-sales-chapter-5-9, accessed on 10 May 2024

Ibid. Sec. 274 UAGCL

Clayton P. G. and Steven D., Liability for Nonconformity, Cambridge University Press, June 2016, Available at: https//www.cambridge.org/core/books/un-convention-on-contracts-for-the-international-sale-of-goods/liability-for-nonconformity/0B4D565406A5336F6F9EF5DF, accessed on 10 May 2024; Also see Sec. 275 UAGCL

David M. S. , UCC sales Contracts: Warranties, 2023, Available at: https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/the-ucc-sales-contract-warranties.html, accessed on 10 May 2024; also see Sec. 276 UAGCL

Ibid; also see Sec. 280 UAGCL

Ibid; Sec. 282 UAGCL

Ibid; Sec. 279 UAGCL

Juenger F.X., “The Need for A Comparative Approach To Choice Of Law Rules”, 73 TuL. L. Rev. 1999, pp. 1309-1310

Where a Suit Can proceed: Court Selection and forum shopping 2024, available at: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10856, accessed on 10 May 2024.

Where a Suit Can proceed: Court Selection and forum shopping 2024, Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid

Ibid.

Private International law notes, chapter three summary, Nelson Mandela University, Available at: https://www.studocu/en-za/document/nelson-mandela-university/private-international-law/chapter-three-summary/4142901, accessed on 10 May 2024

Janeen M. C., Substance and procedure in the conflict of laws: A continuing debate in relation to damages, Cambridge University Press, 2008, Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/ journals/international-and-comparative-law-quarterly/article/abs/substance-and-procedure-in-the-conflict

-of-laws-a-continuing-debate-in-relation-to-damages/892E32586F5910167D3D4E6 3998F05B7, accessed on 20 may 2024.

Connecting factors, private international law (LAWU9P3), University of Stirling, Available at://https://www.studocu.com/en-gb/document/university-of-stirling/private-international-law/lecture-4-connecting-factors/7007466, accessed on 2 September 2024

Mohammad S. H., Habitual residence as a personal connecting factor in private international law: Significance and Future Direction, Available at: https://www.academia.edu/110814910/Habitual-Residence_as_a_personal_Connecting_Factor_in_Private_International_Law_Significance_and_Future_Directionincasesconcerningtheperformanceofthecontract,it is the law of the place where the contract is to be performed, accessed on 10 June 2024

All Answers Ltd, Brussels Convention and English Conflict of Laws, Available at: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/english-legal-system/brussels-convention-conflict-of-laws.phb?vref=1>, accessed on 10 June 2024

Lorena Lerma L., Exceptions to application of foreign law conflicts of law, Available at: https://www.academia.edu/23125431/EXCEPTIONS_TO_APPLICATION_OF_FOREIGN_LAW_CONFLICTS_OF_LAW, accessed on 15 June 2024.

All Answers ltd, Intention law lecture notes, Available at: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/lecture-notes/intention-lecture.php, accessed on 10 June 2024

Jurisdiction and choice of law clauses in international contracts, available at: https://www.pinsentmasons.com/out-law/guides/jurisdiction-and-choice-of-law-clauses-in-international-contracts, accessed on 5 August 2024

Stay of execution pending appeal in Kenya by www.victorngaruiya.buzz, 2023, Available at : https://www.studocu.com/row/document/chuka-university/corporate-law/east-africa-legal-003-stay-of-execution-pending-appeal-in-kenya/65993267, accessed on 10 August 2024

Lorena L., Exceptions to application of foreign law conflicts of law, Available at: https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/334481511857125090/pdf/121690-Analysis-of-the-law-on-protection-of-right-to-trial-within-reasonable-time-EN.pdf.

Jurisdiction and choice of law clauses in international contracts, Ibid

Antonin I. P., “strong cause” or “weak effect”? Exclusive Jurisdiction clauses and inter-provincial litigation, 2014, available at: https://canliiconnects.org/en/commentaries/27142, accessed on 15 June 2024

Abraam K. , Dispute resolution in Greece, 2015, Available at : https://www.greece-lawyer.com/practice-areas-of-law/greek-civil-litigation-system/dispute-resolution-in-greece/, accessed on 20 May 2024

Ibid.

Nivedita S. and Sharanya S., Exclusive Jurisdiction clauses in a contract: Key Issues, 2019, Available at://www.barandbench.com/columns/exclusive-jurisdiction-clauses-contract-key-issues, accessed on 10 May 2024

The validity of the arbitration agreement and its conditions 2023, Available at: https://www.legal500.com/developments/thought-leadership/the-validity-of-the-arbitration-agreement-and-its-conditions/, accessed on 20 May 2024.

Milton C., The impact of unresolves conflict at work on employees, 2024, Available at : https://www.growthtactics.net/unresolved-conflict-at-work/, accessed on 20 May 2024

OHADA CCJA Case No. 006/2004

ECW/CCJ/APP/10/2015 of November 12, 2015.

CISG Case No. 134/2003:

Dr Markus A. and Johannes H., German Federal Court of Justice applies CISG to validity of the arbritration agreement, 2021, Available at: https://www.globalarbitrationnews. com/2021/02/04/german-federal-court-of-justice-applies-cisg-to-validity-of-the-arbritration-agreement/, accessed on 15 June 2024.

Dr Markus A. and Johannes H., Ibid.

CCJA Case No. 012/2006 of 28 June 2006

Jurisdiction and choice of law clauses in international contracts, available at: https://www.pinsentmasons.com/out-law/guides/jurisdiction-and-choice-of-law-clauses-in-international-contracts, accessed on 5 August 2024

Enka V. Chubb: what is the governing law of an arbitration agreement? 2020: Available at: https://www.slaughterandmay.com/insights/importedcontent/enka-v-chubb-what-is-the-governing-law-of-an-arbitration-agreement/, accessed on 15 May 2024

Ibid.

Priyanka C.,further updated by Sneha A., Enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in India, 2024, Available at: https://blog.ipleaders.in/enforcement-forein-arbitral-awards-india-2/, accessed on 10 June 2024

ECOWAS Court of Justice Case No. ECW/CCJ/APP/04/2013:

Chukwuma S. A., The recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in civil and commercial matters in Asia, 2023, Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10. 1080/17441048.2022.2115615, accessed on 10 July 2024

CISG Case No. 243/2005 of 12 January 2005

Dr Markus A. and Johannes H., German Federal Court of Justice applies CISG to validity of the arbritration agreement, 2021, Available at : https://www.journals.law.harvard.edu/hnlr/wp-content/uploads/sites/91/The-Sanctity-of-party-autonomy-and.pdf, accessed on 10 May 2024

Janeen M. C., Substance and procedure in the conflict of laws: A continuing debate in relation to damages, Cambridge University Press, 2008, Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-and-comparative-law-quarterly/article/abs/substance-and-procedure-in-the-conflict-of-laws-a-continuing-debate-in-relation-to-damages/892E32586F5910167D3D4E63998F05B7, accessed on 20 may 2024.

Published

2025-01-08