Laws Governing AI-Generated ART and Music: Challenges and Perspectives
Keywords:
AI-Generated Art, AI-Generated Music, Copyright Law, Artificial Intelligence and Creativity, Ownership of AI-Generated Works, Legal Challenges of AI in Creative Industries, Digital Ethics, Trademark Infringement, Privacy, Safe Harbor, Deepfake, IT Act, Case Laws on AI CopyrightAbstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized creative industries, enabling machines to generate art, music, and literature. However, this rapid technological advancement has sparked legal and ethical concerns, particularly regarding intellectual property (IP) rights, authorship, and ownership. Traditional copyright laws were designed for human creators, leaving AI-generated works in a gray
area. Courts and policymakers worldwide are addressing these concerns, leading to evolving legal frameworks and case law precedents. This paper explores the legal challenges surrounding AIgenerated art and music, examining relevant case laws and offering insights into global legal perspectives.
References
1. Government of India. The Information Technology Act, 2000 [Online]. New Delhi: Government of India. 2000. Available from: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1999.
2. Government of India. The Copyright Act, 1957 [Online]. New Delhi: Government of India. 1957. Available from: https://www.copyright.gov.in.
3. European Union. Directive (EU) 2019/790 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market. Off J Eur Union. 2019.
4. World Intellectual Property Organization. EU adopts directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market [Online]. Available from: https://www.wipo.int/en/web/wipolex/w/news/2019/article0008.
5. United Kingdom. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. London: HMSO; 1988.
6. United Kingdom. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 [Online]. London: HMSO. 1988. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents
7. Crews KD. Copyright law and artificial intelligence. J Copyright Soc USA. 2020;67(3):321–362.
8. Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A. [Internet]. Available from: https://www. copyrightsociety.org/journal/.
9. Government of India. The Information Technology Act, 2000 [Online]. New Delhi: Government of India. 2000. Available from: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1999.
10. Samuelson P. Copyright and artificial intelligence. Commun ACM. 2018;61(7):22–24.
11. Researchgate.net. Impact of artificial intelligence on copyright law: Challenges and prospects [Online]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377334695.
12. Sharma R. Impact of artificial intelligence on copyright law: Challenges and prospects. 2023. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377334695_Impact_Of_Artificial_ Intelligence_on_Copyright_Law_Challenges_and_Prospects.
13. World Intellectual Property Organization. EU adopts directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market [Online]. 2019. Available from: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/news/2019/news0008.html.
14. IIPRD. Exploring the nexus between artificial intelligence and copyright act [Online]. 2023, Oct 11. Available from: https://www.iiprd.com/exploring-the-nexus-between-artificial-intelligence-and-copyright-act-1956/.
15. Grimmelmann J. AI artists on the stand: Bias against artificial intelligence-generated works in copyright law. J Intell Prop Law. 2025;40:1.
16. AI-generated content and its legal status under copyright law. J Educ Hum Soc Sci. 2024;35:218.
17. SSRN. (2024). Infringing AI: liability for AI-generated outputs under copyright law [Online]. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4946312.
18. Artificial intelligence and intellectual property rights: An Indian perspective. J Intellect Prop Rights [Online]. Available from: https://or.niscpr.res.in/index.php/JIPR/article/view/1205.
19. Mathur A. Recent developments in AI, art & copyright: copyright office report & new registrations [Online]. 2025, March 4. Available from: https://itsartlaw.org/2025/03/04/recent-developments-in-ai-art-copyright-copyright-office-report-new-registrations/.
20. IEEE. The 7th IEEE Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Art Creation [Online]. 2025. Available from: https://aiart-2025.github.io.
21. Google Scholar. Law governing AI-generated arts and music: Challenges and perspectives in protecting artists and musicians in India [Online]. Available from: https://scholar.google.com.
22. GLOBSEC. Ethical use of AI: Navigating copyright challenges [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https://www.globsec.org/sites/default/files/2024-09/Ethical%20Use%20of%20AI%20-%20Navigating%20Copyright%20Challenges.pdf.
23. Government of India. The Copyright Act, 1957. Acts of Parliament, No. 14 of 1957 (India).
24. Government of India. The Copyright Act, 1957 [Online]. Available from: https://www. indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1367.
25. Mondaq. Copyright and artificial intelligence: the Indian context [Online]. Available from: https://www.mondaq.com/india/copyright/1298765/copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-the-indian-context.
26. Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Pub L No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860 (1998). Available from: https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ304/PLAW-105publ304.pdf.
27. Government of India. The Constitution of India, 1950 [Online]. New Delhi: Government of India; 1950. Available from: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/16124/1/the_ constitution_of_india.pdf.
28. United States. Copyright Act of 1976. Pub L No. 94-553, 90 Stat. 2541 (1976). Available from: https://www.copyright.gov/title17.
29. European Union. Directive (EU) 2019/790 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market [Online]. 2019. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/790/oj/eng.
30. United Kingdom. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, c.48 [Online]. London: HMSO. 1988. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48.
31. Government of India. The Information Technology Act, 2000. Acts of Parliament, No. 21 of 2000 (India).
32. Government of India. The Information Technology Act, 2000 [Online]. 2000. Available from: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/13116/1/it_act_2000_updated.pdf.
