Sustainable Development Goals in Focus: Progress, Barriers, and Future Directions
Keywords:
SDGs globally, opportunities, Melbourne, availed, timelineAbstract
The Sustainable Developmental Agenda, adopted by the United Nations in 2015, has now passed a third of its timeline. The goals defined by the agenda are to reach their targets by 2030, just 8 more years from now. In this essay, I will be analysing whether countries have stayed true to its goals from the perspective of three SDGs, SDG 13 climate action, SDG 14 life below water and
SDG 15 life on land. In the first section of the essay I will be discussing what the three SDGs I have chosen for the analysis are, whether and how the analysis relate to each other. In the next two sections, I will be analysing the progress of law and policy in reaching these individual goals. The challenges faced by the three SDGs globally, the opportunities availed and opportunities missed by different countries in attempting to combat them.
References
"State Of Climate In 2021: Extreme Events And Major Impacts", World Meteorological
Organization (Webpage, 2021) <https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/state-of- climate-
-extreme-events-and-major-impacts>.
"Locust Swarms And Climate Change", UNEP (Webpage, 2020) <https://www.unep.org/news-
and-stories/story/locust-swarms-and-climate-change>.
Ignasi Bartomeus et al, "Contribution Of Insect Pollinators To Crop Yield And Quality Varies
With Agricultural Intensification" (2014) 2 PeerJ.
Evelyn Underwood, Gemma Darwin, Erik Gerritsen, Pollinator Initiatives In EU Member States:
Success Factors And Gaps (European Commission, 2017).
David Seeley and David Seeley, "Hypergiant's Eos Bioreactor Is On Display At The
Smithsonian's FUTURES Exhibition", Dallas Innovates (Webpage, 2021)
<https://dallasinnovates.com/hypergiants-eos-bioreactor-is-on-display-at-the-smithsonians-
futures-exhibition/>.
"Can A Tiny Fern Help Fight Climate Change And Cut Fertilizer Use?", Yale E360 (Webpage,
<https://e360.yale.edu/digest/can-a-tiny-fern-help-fight-climate-change-and-cut-
fertilizer-use-
azolla#:~:text=Among%20its%20many%20properties%2C%20the,warm%20temperate%20an
d%20tropical%20regions>.
"Marine Plastic Pollution", IUCN (Webpage, 2021) <https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-
briefs/marine-
plasticpollution#:~:text=environment%20and%20biodiversity.,At%20least%2014%20million
%20tons%20of%20plastic,in%20the%20ocean%20every%20year.>.
Matthew S. Savoca, Alexandra G. McInturf and Elliott L. Hazen, "Plastic Ingestion By Marine
Fish Is Widespread And Increasing" (2021) 27(10) Global Change Biology.
T MATSUTO and R HAM, "Residential Solid Waste Generation And Recycling In The U.S.A.
And Japan" (1990) 8(3) Waste Management & Research.
D’Amario, Barbara et al, "Coccolithophore Community Response To Ocean Acidification And
Warming In The Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Results From A Mesocosm Experiment" (2020)
(1) Scientific Reports
Beck, Michael W. et al, "Oyster Reefs At Risk And Recommendations For Conservation,
Restoration, And Management" (2011) 61(2) BioScience
Roberts, Ryan, "New National Fish Habitat Assessment Report Provides Key Information For
Fish Conservation Planning" (2017) 42(1) Fisheries
Mexican Center For Environmental Law (CEMDA) v. National Agency For Industrial Security
And Environmental Protection In The Hydrocarbon Sector (ASEA) - Climate Change
Litigation", Climate Change Litigation (Webpage, 2016) <http://climatecasechart.com/climate-
change-litigation/non-us-case/mexican-center-for-environmental-law-cemda-v-national- agency-
for-industrial-security-and-environmental-protection-in-the-hydrocarbon-sector- asea/>.
"Landmark Legal Cases To Power Everything With 100% Clean Energy", Earthjustice
(Webpage, 2017) <https://earthjustice.org/features/landmark-cases/clean-energy>.
Bushfire Survivors for Climate Change v. NSW [2021]
Gloucester Resources Limited v Minister for Planning [2019] NSWLEC 7
Urgenda Foundation v The Netherlands. Hague District Court, Netherlands [2015]
Friends of the Earth v Shell. Hague District Court. [2019]
Condé Nast, "An Uncommon Victory For An Indigenous Tribe In The Amazon", The New
Yorker (Webpage, 2019) <https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/an-uncommon- victory-
for-an-indigenous-tribe-in-the-amazon>.
Friends of the Irish Environment v Ireland [2017] 2017 No. 793 JR.
Ontario v Canada re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act [2018] C65807.
Shrestha v Office of the Prime Minister et al [2017] 074-WO-0283.
Ministry of Environment and Forestry v PT Rambang Agro Jaya [2019] Decision No.
/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Jkt.Pst.
"Defending Nevada's Solar Customers And Solar Future", Earthjustice (Webpage, 2016)
<https://earthjustice.org/cases/2016/defending-nevada-s-solar-customers-and-solar-future>.
"Indiana Regulators Reject Utility’S Proposal For Massive Gas Plant", Earthjustice (Webpage,
<https://earthjustice.org/news/press/2019/indiana-regulators-reject-utility-s-proposal- for-
massive-gas-plant>.
"Winning The Fight Against Coal Projects In South Africa", Earthjustice (Webpage, 2020)
"Landmark Legal Cases To Secure Clean Water And Clean Air As A Right For All",
Earthjustice (Webpage, 2020) <https://earthjustice.org/features/landmark-cases/air-
water#jakarta>.
Greenpeace Argentina et al, v Argentina et al Federal Court of Mar del Plata N 2 (2022)
"Seismic Airgun Blasting In The Atlantic Ocean", Earthjustice (Webpage, 2021)
<https://earthjustice.org/cases/2021/stopping-seismic-airgun-blasting-in-atlantic-ocean>.
Japan v Australia. International Court of Justice. [2010]
USA v Mexico. No. DS381. WTO. [2008]
United States — Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products. No. DS58. WTO.
"Climate Action - United Nations Sustainable Development", United Nations Sustainable
Development (Webpage, 2015) <https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climate-action/>.
United Nations, Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, 2016)
"Oceans - United Nations Sustainable Development", United Nations Sustainable Development
(Webpage, 2015) <https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/oceans/>.
"Overview - Convention & Related Agreements", Un.Org (Webpage, 182)
<https://www.un.org/depts/unclos/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.h
tm>.
World Trade Orgnisation, The General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade (GATT 1947) (United
Nations, 1947)
"Forests, Desertification And Biodiversity - United Nations Sustainable Development", United
Nations Sustainable Development (Webpage, 2022)
<https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/biodiversity/>.
Non-compliance Procedure of Monaco under the Kyoto Protocol [2018] CC-2018-
/Monaco/EB.
"Scientists Find There Are 70% Fewer Pollinators, Due To Air Pollution", Open Access
Government (Webpage, 2022) <https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/pollination-air-
pollution/127964/>.
"Just 100 Companies Responsible For 71% Of Global Emissions, Study Says", The Guardian
(Webpage, 2017) <https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-
fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change>.
Climate Council and Climate Council, "How Did Bhutan Become The First Carbon Negative
Country? | Climate Council", Climate Council (Webpage, 2017)
<https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/bhutan-is-the-world-s-only-carbon-negative-country-so- how-
did-they-do-it/>.
"Germany Paid People To Use Electricity Over The Holidays Because Its Grid Is So Clean",
Independent (Webpage, 2018) <https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-
change/news/germany-power-grid-pays-customers-christmas-sustainability-renewable-energy-
a8141431.html>.
Trevor Nace, "New Filipino Law Requires Every Student To Plant 10 Trees If They Want To
Graduate", Forbes (Webpage, 2019)
<https://www.forbes.com/sites/trevornace/2019/05/29/new-filipino-law-requires-every- student-to-
plant-10-trees-if-they-want-to-graduate/?sh=392557205aeb>.
"Norway Refuses To Drill For Billions Of Barrels Of Oil In Arctic, Leaving ‘Whole Industry
Surprised And Disappointed’", Independent (Webpage, 20219)
<https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/norway-oil-drilling-arctic-ban-labor- party-
unions-a8861171.html>.
Smithsonian Magazine and Jason Daley, "Brazil Begins Effort To Plant 73 Million Trees In The
Amazon", Smithsonian Magazine (Webpage, 2017) <https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-
news/brazil-begins-effort-plant-73-million-trees-amazon-180967086/>.
"China’s One-Party State Cleans Up Air Pollution In Record Time", Independent (Webpage,
<https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/china-air-pollution-beijing-clean-
air-cities-a9142281.html>.
"Dutch Electric Trains Become 100% Powered By Wind Energy", The Guardian (Webpage,
<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/10/dutch-trains-100-percent-wind-
powered-ns#>.
"Ruling On Constitutionality Of “Green Taxes” In Baja California - Climate Change Litigation",
Climate Change Litigation (Webpage, 2021) <http://climatecasechart.com/climate-change-
litigation/non-us-case/ruling-on-constitutionality-of-green-taxes-in-baja-california/>.
"Portland Now Generates Electricity From Turbines Installed In City Water Pipes", GOOD
(Webpage, 2017) <https://www.good.is/money/portland-pipeline-water-turbine-power>.
<https://earthjustice.org/blog/2020-august/winning-the-fight-against-coal-projects-in-south-
africa>.
City News and delhi News, "2-Year Deadline To Revive Delhi’S 22 Key Lakes, 200
Waterbodies | Delhi News - Times Of India", The Times Of India (Webpage, 2021)
<https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/2-yr-deadline-to-revive-delhis-22-key-lakes- 200-
waterbodies/articleshow/86080579.cms>.
"Which Countries Are The World’S Biggest Carbon Polluters? - Climatetrade", Climatetrade
(Webpage, 2021) <https://climatetrade.com/which-countries-are-the-worlds-biggest-carbon-
polluters/>.
"Targeting A Southern California Mega-Warehouse Project", Earthjustice (Webpage, 2021)
<https://earthjustice.org/cases/2015/targeting-sprawling-southern-california-mega-warehouse-
project>.
"Total Surface Area Required To Fuel The World With Solar — Land Art Generator", Land Art
Generator (Webpage, 2009) <https://landartgenerator.org/blagi/archives/127>.
"Small Solutions, Big Impacts: 5 Community-Based Projects Tackling Climate Change", UN
News (Webpage, 2022) <https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/04/1117122>.
"Innovator Of The Year" Creates Biodegradable Algae Solar Panels That Clean The Air",
Intelligent Living (Webpage, 2021) <https://www.intelligentliving.co/innovator-of-the-year-
biodegradable-algae-solar-panels/>.
"Solar Energy That Doesn’T Block The View", Msutoday | Michigan State University
(Webpage, 2014) <https://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2014/solar-energy-that-doesnt-block-the-
view>.
"Scientists Have Created Invisible Solar Panels Which Look Like Windows", Euronews
(Webpage, 2021) <https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/01/06/scientists-have-created-
invisible-solar-panels-which-look-like-windows>.
"Carbon Engineering Makes Gasoline By Capturing Carbon Dioxide From The Air", Science
(Webpage, 2018) <https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/carbon-engineering-
liquid-fuel-carbon-capture-neutral-science>.
Cheyenne Macdonald, "Just 100 'Gigafactories' Could Power The ENTIRE World, Musk Says",
Mail Online (Webpage, 2017) <https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4422576/100-
Gigafactories-power-ENTIRE-world-Musk-says.html>.
"Scientists Have Created Invisible Solar Panels Which Look Like Windows", Euronews
(Webpage, 2022) <https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/01/06/scientists-have-created-
invisible-solar-panels-which-look-like-windows>.
Generation T, "Carvey Maigue", Generation T (Webpage, 2021)
<https://generationt.asia/people/carvey-maigue>.
Matthew Paula, "Teens Create A Way To Use Urine As Fuel", Forbes (Webpage, 2021)
<https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewdepaula/2012/11/08/teens-create-a-way-to-use-urine- as-
fuel/?sh=34eaf2ea558c>.
"Fabric Uses Sun And Wind To Power Devices | Research Horizons | Georgia Tech's Research
News", Rh.Gatech.Edu (Webpage, 2016) <https://rh.gatech.edu/front-office/fabric-uses-sun-
and-wind-power-devices>.
"How Far Are We From Phasing Out Coal?", Visual Capitalist (Webpage, 2022)
<https://www.visualcapitalist.com/how-far-from-phasing-out-coal-power/>.
"Danger From Underground Coal Fire Is Well-Known, But Did It Play A Role In Marshall
Fire?", 9News (Webpage, 2022)
<https://www.9news.com/article/news/investigations/marshall-fire-coal-mine-danger/73-
c777-087b-4a68-ba48-7ba255c3c99d>.
"Fungi That Eats Radiation Found Living Inside Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor", Nypost.Com
(Webpage, 2020) <https://nypost.com/2020/02/07/fungi-that-eats-radiation-found-living- inside-
chernobyl-nuclear-reactor/>.
"Most Radioactive Lake (Ever)" Guinnessworldrecords.Com (Webpage, 1985)
<https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-contaminated-lake- (radioactivity)>.
"11 Nuclear Meltdowns And Disasters", CNBC (Webpage, 2011)
<https://www.cnbc.com/2011/03/16/11-Nuclear-Meltdowns-and-Disasters.html>.
"Aida Edemariam Meets Johan Eliasch Who Loaned Money To Tories And Bought A Chunk Of
Rainforest", The Guardian (Webpage, 2006)
<https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2006/apr/04/partyfunding.environment>.
"This Search Engine Plants Trees With Its Profits And It Just Reached Its 100 Million-Tree
Milestone", My Modern Met (Webpage, 2020) <https://mymodernmet.com/ecosia-100-million-
trees/>.
Condé Nast, "9 Of The Most Verdant Buildings In The World", Architectural Digest (Webpage,
<https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/buildings-that-prove-the-power-of-green-
architecture>.
"How Farmers In Earth’s Least Developed Country Grew 200 Million Trees", Environment
(Webpage, 2022) <https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-farmers-in-
earths-least-developed-country-grew-200-million-trees>.
Sophie Wingate, "Brazilian Photographer Transforms Barren Ranch Into Tropical Paradise",
Mail Online (Webpage, 2019) <https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7099537/Brazilian-
couple-spends-20-years-planting-trees-barren-ranch-create-paradise-animals.html>.
"These Tree-Planting Drones Are Firing ‘Seed Missiles’ Into The Ground. Less Than A Year
Later, They’Re Already 20 Inches Tall.", GOOD (Webpage, 2019)
<https://www.good.is/articles/drones-planting-trees>.
"How Flow Works | Flow Hive", Flow Hive AU (Webpage, 2022)
<https://www.honeyflow.com.au/pages/how-flow-works>.
Paper et al, "Jadav Payeng Tells His Story As The Forest Man Of India", Thehindu.Com
(Webpage, 2020) <https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/jadav-payeng-tells-
how-he-became-the-forest-man-of-india/article33230503.ece>.
"Blind Man And His Friend With No Arms Work As One To Plant A Forest", Huffpost UK
(Webpage, 2016) <https://www.huffpost.com/entry/10000-trees-planted-in-
china_n_576b6268e4b09926ce5dcb15>.
Sadie Whitelocks, "Couple Spend 26 Years Replanting A RAINFOREST", Mail Online
(Webpage, 2017) <https://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-4576390/Couple-
India-replant-rainforest.html>.
"Global Warming Threatens Earth With Wave Of Natural Disasters", The Guardian (Webpage,
<https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/sep/06/global-warming-natural-
disasters
conference#:~:text=Melting%20glaciers%20will%20set%20off,that%20could%20even%20str
ike%20the>.
"By 2050, There Will Be More Plastic Than Fish In The World’S Oceans, Study Says", The
Washington Post (Webpage, 2016) <https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-
mix/wp/2016/01/20/by-2050-there-will-be-more-plastic-than-fish-in-the-worlds-oceans-study-
says/>.
"Oceans - United Nations Sustainable Development", United Nations Sustainable Development
(Webpage, 2015) <https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/oceans/>.
‘Turn The Tide On Plastic’ Urges UN, As Microplastics In The Seas Now Outnumber Stars In
Our Galaxy", UN News (Webpage, 2017) <https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/02/552052-turn-
tide-plastic-urges-un-microplastics-seas-now-outnumber-stars-our-galaxy>.
"This Simple Aussie Pollution Solution Is Taking The World By Storm", ABC News (Webpage,
<https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-06-09/drain-sock-kwinana-pollution-solution-takes-
world-by-storm/11190266?nw=0&r=HtmlFragment>.
"Sweden’s Recycling Is So Revolutionary, The Country Has Run Out Of Rubbish", Independent
(Webpage, 2016) <https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/sweden-s-recycling- is-
so-revolutionary-the-country-has-run-out-of-rubbish-a7462976.html>.
"Has Germany Hit The Jackpot Of Recycling? The Jury's Still Out", The Guardian (Webpage,
<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/30/has-germany-hit-the-jackpot-of-
recycling-the-jurys-still-out>.
"News On Climate Change, Sustainability And The Environment", Enviro30.Com (Webpage,
<https://www.enviro30.com/post/norway-has-a-97-recycle-rate-for-its-plastic-bottle-
deposit-return-scheme-drs>.
"Plastic Roads: India’s Radical Plan To Bury Its Garbage Beneath The Streets", The Guardian
(Webpage, 2016) <https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/jun/30/plastic- road-
india-tar-plastic-transport-environment-pollution-waste>.
"Australia’s First Road Built With Soft Plastics, Glass And Toner", AWE (Webpage, 2021)
<https://www.awe.gov.au/environment/partnerships/case-studies/australia-first-road-built-soft-
plastics>.
"This Simple Aussie Pollution Solution Is Taking The World By Storm", ABC News (Webpage,
<https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-06-09/drain-sock-kwinana-pollution-solution-takes-
world-by-storm/11190266?nw=0&r=HtmlFragment>.
"Public Shaming And Even Prison For Plastic Bag Use In Rwanda (Published 2017)",
Nytimes.Com (Webpage, 2022) <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/28/world/africa/rwanda-
plastic-bags-banned.html>.
"The U.K. Has Banned Microbeads. Why? (Published 2018)", Nytimes.Com (Webpage, 2022)
<https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/09/world/europe/microbeads-ban-uk.html?mtrref>.
"In A First, California Plans To Clean Up Microplastics", Nytimes.Com (Webpage, 2022)
<https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/07/us/california-microplastics.html>.
Grant Martin, "California Bans Single-Use Plastics In Hotel Rooms", Forbes (Webpage, 2019)
<https://www.forbes.com/sites/grantmartin/2019/10/13/california-bans-single-use-plastics-in-
hotel-rooms/?sh=1f361e61782e>.
"71% Of California Voters Support Tax On Plastics Manufacturers According To Survey",
Mercurynews.Com (Webpage, 2019) <https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/11/08/71-of-
california-voters-support-tax-on-plastics-manufacturers-according-to-survey/>.
Anne Manning, "CSU Chemists Receive Millions In Federal Dollars To Fight Plastics
Pollution", College Of Natural Sciences (Webpage, 2021)
<https://natsci.source.colostate.edu/csu-chemists-receive-millions-in-federal-dollars-to-fight-
plastics-pollution/>.
"As Governments Fail To Agree Global Ocean Treaty, Greenpeace Ship Encounters Armada Of
Fishing Vessels On High Seas - Greenpeace International", Greenpeace International (Webpage,
<https://www.greenpeace.org/international/press-release/52790/as- governments-fail-to-
agree-global-ocean-treaty-greenpeace-ship-encounters-armada-of-fishing- vessels-on-high-seas/>.
Terence Wijesooriya, Senani Perera and Kushan Samarasinghe, "Living Through Sri Lanka’S
Biggest Marine Disaster - Greenpeace International", Greenpeace International (Webpage,
<https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/48409/living-through-sri-lankas-
biggest-marine-disaster-a-personal-reflection/>.
"U.S. Generates More Plastic Trash Than Any Other Nation, Report Finds", Environment
(Webpage, 2020) <https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/us-plastic-
pollution>
"Ranked: The Top 10 Countries That Dump The Most Plastic Into The Ocean", Euro News
Green (Webpage, 2021) <https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/06/22/ranked-the-top-10-
countries-that-dump-the-most-plastic-into-the-ocean>
Ewing-Chow, Daphne, "Caribbean Islands Are The Biggest Plastic Polluters Per Capita In The
World", Forbes (Webpage, 2019)
https://www.forbes.com/sites/daphneewingchow/2019/09/20/caribbean-islands-are-the- biggest-
plastic-polluters-per-capita-in-the-world/?sh=2a1c3641774b
“'Loophole' Will Let UK Continue To Ship Plastic Waste To Poorer Countries", The Guardian
(Webpage, 2021) https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/12/loophole-will-let-uk-
continue-to-ship-plastic-waste-to-poorer-countries
.Mark Mancini HowStuffWorks , "Just 10 River Systems Contribute Up To 95 Percent Of Plastic
In Oceans", Howstuffworks (Webpage, 2017)
https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/oceanography/10-rivers-contribute-
95-percent-plastic-oceans.htm
"Coca-Cola, Pepsi And Nestlé Named Top Plastic Polluters For Third Year In A Row", The
Guardian (Webpage, 2020) https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/07/coca-cola-
pepsi-and-nestle-named-top-plastic-polluters-for-third-year-in-a-row
America’s Second-Worst Oil Spill Is Still Scarring The Shores Of Alaska", Time (Webpage,
https://time.com/3748246/exxon-valdez-history/
John Rafferty. "9 Of The Biggest Oil Spills In History", Encyclopedia Britannica (Webpage,
https://www.britannica.com/list/9-of-the-biggest-oil-spills-in-history
"World’S Biggest Oxygen Producers Living In Swirling Ocean Waters - Eos", Eos (Webpage,
<https://eos.org/research-spotlights/worlds-biggest-oxygen-producers-living-in-
swirling-ocean-waters>
Society, National, "Save The Plankton, Breathe Freely", National Geographic Society
(Webpage, 2022) https://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/save-the-plankton-breathe- freely/
"Sign The Petition", Change.Org (Webpage, 2022) https://www.change.org/p/united-nations-
clean-up-the-great-pacific-garbage-patch-b10fe151-4928-4f0c-91c3- e8de6898279a?signed=true
"75 Percent Of People Want Single-Use Plastics Banned, Global Survey Finds", Arab News
(Webpage, 2022) https://www.arabnews.com/node/2029366/world
Chelsea Harvey. (Webpage, 2016) https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-
environment/wp/2016/08/15/the-worlds-largest-beach-cleanup-has-cleared-more-than-4- million-
pounds-of-trash/
Tour Operators Are Using Their Down Time To Plant New Corals In The Great Barrier Reef",
Treehugger (Webpage, 2020) <https://www.treehugger.com/diving-tour-operators-australia-
planting-corals-4859395>.
"Saving Our Seas: 5 Ocean Heroes Battling To Turn The Toxic Tide", UNEP (Webpage, 2018)
https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/saving-our-seas-5-ocean-heroes-battling-turn- toxic-
tide
Chhabra, Esha, "How Three Friends Are Turning Plastic Waste Into A New Retail Brand",
Forbes (Webpage, 2017) https://www.forbes.com/sites/eshachhabra/2017/06/28/how-three-
surfers-are-turning-plastic-waste-into-a-new-retail-brand/?sh=7d4eba423f5b
RENZI, Maryse et al, "Aurelie's Legacy: Generations Of Ocean Protection - Greenpeace
International", Greenpeace International (Webpage, 2021)
https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/48702/aurelies-legacy-generations-ocean-
protection/
"Plastic Eating Mushrooms", Environmental Center (Webpage, 2021)
https://www.colorado.edu/ecenter/2021/11/04/plastic-eating-mushrooms
"Kenyan Startup Founder Nzambi Matee Recycles Plastic To Make Bricks That Are Stronger
Than Concrete", World Architecture Community (Webpage, 2021)
https://worldarchitecture.org/article-links/egmeg/kenyan-startup-founder-nzambi-matee- recycles-
plastic-to-make-bricks-that-are-stronger-than-concrete.html
Winkless, Laurie, "These Houses Are Built With Blocks Made From Waste
Plastic", Forbes (Webpage, 2016)
<https://www.forbes.com/sites/lauriewinkless/2016/07/21/these-houses-are-built-with-blocks-
made-from-waste-plastic/?sh=a628e6878944>
Snowden, Scott, "Canadian Construction Company Builds House From 600,000 Recycled
Plastic Bottles", Forbes (Webpage, 2019)
https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottsnowden/2019/08/27/canadian-construction-company- builds-
house-from-600000-recycled-plastic-water-bottles/?sh=160b87293b44
"The Edible Solutions To The Plastic-Packaging Crisis", The Guardian (Webpage, 2018)
<https://www.theguardian.com/environment/shortcuts/2018/apr/09/the-edible-solutions-to-the-
plastic-packaging-crisis>
"Plastic Fantastic", Forbes (Webpage, 2005)
<https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2005/0328/108.html?sh=21b6bd547919>.
"The Edible Solutions To The Plastic-Packaging Crisis", The Guardian (Webpage, 2018)
<https://www.theguardian.com/environment/shortcuts/2018/apr/09/the-edible-solutions-to-the-
plastic-packaging-crisis>.
Lindsey Bartlett, "Becoming ‘Plastic Negative’: How Cannabis And Hemp Can Lead The Way
In Regenerative Farming", Forbes (Webpage, 2021)
<https://www.forbes.com/sites/lindseybartlett/2021/01/26/becoming-plastic-negative-how-
cannabis-and-hemp-can-lead-the-way-in-regenerative-farming/?sh=2834c40a8d03>.
Jim Vinoski, "This Global Plastic Packaging Producer Says Don’T Eliminate Plastic—Eliminate
Plastic Waste", Forbes (Webpage, 2021)
<https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimvinoski/2021/04/20/this-global-plastic-packaging-producer-
says-dont-eliminate-plastic-eliminate-plastic-waste/?sh=689539a56e79>.
"This Dutch Teen Dreamed Of Cleaning Up The Ocean. Now, It's Happening", Time (Webpage,
<https://time.com/5389782/boyan-slat-plastic-ocean-cleanup/>.
