Judicial Interventions and Legal Frameworks Combating Acid Violence in India: A Criminological Perspective

Abstract

Acid violence is a heinous and gendered crime that causes irreversible physical, psychological, and social damage, with women comprising the majority of victims. The deliberate use of corrosive substances to punish, control, or silence individuals—often for defying societal norms or patriarchal authority—has become a grave concern, especially in India. This form of violence reflects deeper issues of gender inequality and power imbalances, making it not only a criminal act but also a sociocultural problem. This study critically examines the judicial response to acid attacks in India. It focuses on the criminalisation of such acts, legal remedies available to victims, and regulatory frameworks aimed at controlling the sale of corrosive substances. By adopting a criminological lens, the paper analyses how legal mechanisms have evolved to address this crime and how courts have interpreted and applied
relevant laws. Key judicial pronouncements are reviewed to understand the role of the judiciary in shaping responses to acid violence. In recent years, India has witnessed significant legal reforms aimed at tackling acid attacks. Amendments to the Indian Penal Code, such as Sections 326A and 326B, specifically address acid-related offences and impose stringent penalties. Furthermore, the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act of 2013 and subsequent judgments by the Supreme Court have mandated stricter regulation of acid sales and improved mechanisms for victim compensation. Despite these legal advances, several gaps persist in enforcement, victim support, and public awareness. Many survivors face obstacles in accessing timely medical care, psychological counseling, and financial assistance. Moreover, societal stigma and inadequate rehabilitation services hinder their reintegration into society. Compensation schemes, though legally mandated, are often plagued by delays and bureaucratic hurdles. This paper also explores preventive and rehabilitative strategies to curb the menace of acid violence. These include awareness campaigns, better regulation of acid sales, stricter licensing procedures, and community-based interventions aimed at transforming patriarchal mindsets. Strengthening institutional support systems and ensuring coordinated efforts among legal, medical, and social services are essential for holistic victim care and long-term deterrence. In conclusion, while judicial and legislative measures have laid a foundation for combating acid attacks in India, a comprehensive, multidimensional strategy is required to eradicate the crime effectively. This includes not only enforcing existing laws but also addressing the underlying societal attitudes that perpetuate gender-based violence. A sustained commitment to prevention, victim empowerment, and justice delivery is crucial to eliminating acid violence and fostering a safer, more equitable society.