National Journal of Cyber Security Law

Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security in The Judicial System: India in Comparison with The USA, UK and China

Karanveer Singh — 2026-01-03

At a global level, the influence of AI in judicial systems is still an innovative factor. Thanks to streamlined solutions via predictive analytics and decision support, AI is overhauling how justice is served across many systems while raising critical cyber security concerns for protecting sensitive legal data. The current article assesses the application of AI in the Indian judiciary and compares it to the USA, UK, and China. Projects like the e-Courts Project Phase III in India deploy AI as part of a strategic partnership to manage these legal cases and conduct research to help minimize the backlog of nearly 50 million legal cases, which is a huge push for more reform. The United States has implemented state-of-the-art platforms such as ROSS for legal research and COMPAS for risk assessment; however, bias issues are persistent and ambiguous, as indicated by research highlighting the concerns regarding the public acceptability of AI in the United States criminal justice system, with a focus on transparent algorithms to minimize bias. The UK will focus on regulatory frameworks and using new tools such as Luminance for document review, as its new AI Action Plan shows the need to consider the moral application of AI in a responsible manner when applying new approaches. China, taking a more divergent approach, is incorporating “smart courts” and intends to legislate AI to be
used in adjudication by 2025, significantly improving case-making. In doing so, we compare India’s commitment to accessible courts and reducing the case backlog with the USA’s efforts on technology, the UK’s regulatory oversight, and China’s wide-scale state-led approaches. The ethical dilemmas characteristic of these countries demonstrate the urgency of balancing the gradual transition to AI technologies within judicial frameworks with robust cyber security measures, by further investigating the impact of bias, ethics, and regulatory frameworks, as mentioned in some of the global literature on AI in justice.

Privacy Concerns in the Age of Cyber Crimes: Balancing Rights and Security

Esha Anand — 2026-01-09

In the contemporary digital era, privacy concerns have intensified, driven by the proliferation of cybercrimes that exploit personal data. This paper explores the complex interplay between safeguarding individual privacy rights and ensuring security in the face of escalating cyber threats. Advances in technology have exponentially increased the collection, storage, and analysis of personal
information, making data breaches and cyber-attacks more prevalent and damaging. Privacy advocates argue that robust data protection measures are essential to preserve civil liberties and prevent misuse of personal information. Conversely, security proponents contend that certain privacy concessions are necessary to bolster national security and combat sophisticated cybercrimes effectively. By highlighting the tension between privacy and security, the paper aims to foster a nuanced understanding of how to balance these often-competing imperatives, ultimately proposing frameworks that protect both individual rights and collective security in an increasingly interconnected world.

Evolving Laws on Artificial Intelligence

Shikha Bhardwaj — 2026-01-09

The field of artificial intelligence is advancing rapidly. A rather recent example is how Google’s software was able to defeat the top human competitors in the Chinese game of Go— a accomplishment that was previously believed to be many years in the future in terms of technology(Gibney, 2016). Legal and political actors are responding to this change in various ways. Investment banks are
already employing Artificial intelligence or 'robot traders' .(Robots and Rule-makers - Lexology, 2017) The growing influence of artificial intelligence in business led to the formation of the Committee on Legal Matters around the world to assess the "the civil liability for damage caused by robots which is a crucial issue that also needs to be analysed and addressed at Union level"(Santosuosso et al., 2012) several countries have called on Commissions to evaluate the existing legal framework and consider the development of new laws to address the liability of AI systems. Governments and rule-making bodies worldwide are recognizing the need for legislative and regulatory frameworks in the field of artificial intelligence. The acknowledgment arises from the
understanding that AI has the capacity to profoundly influence different facets of society, such as employment, privacy, and ethical concerns. AI has the capacity to generate a beneficial effect on humanity, provided that it is approached responsibly and with a focus on creating value for everyone. The global regulatory and policy framework for AI is currently an evolving concern, as various national, regional, and international bodies have begun implementing strategies and action plans since 2016. (Djeffal, 2022)These documents address a variety of subjects including regulation and oversight, industrial planning, research, skills development, and infrastructure. Various countries have taken diverse approaches to this issue; for instance, "the United States is embracing a marketoriented approach," "China is promoting a state-led approach," and "the EU is advocating for a rights-based approach." Nevertheless, despite the endeavours of these jurisdictions, the laws and regulations relating to AI are still undergoing development.(Gasser, 2023). The rapid progress of AI technology has surpassed the establishment of thorough legal frameworks to tackle its distinct challenges. Consequently, there is an urgent requirement for the creation of new legislation and policies that can adequately oversee AI and guarantee its accountable and ethical application(Floridi, 2021). The AI Act, recognized as the initial extensive regulation for artificial intelligence, has recently received endorsement from lawmakers in the European Union. This
pioneering legislation is expected to be implemented no sooner than 2025 and is still pending final approval from the European Parliament.(Shi, 2023) Meanwhile, in India, there is a significant lack of dedicated legislation specifically focused on regulating AI. (Indic Pacific Legal Research | Law, Technology and Policy, 2023) Nevertheless, it should be acknowledged that various existing laws indirectly encompass obligations related to AI. These include the “Information Technology Act, Indian Contract Act, Indian Evidence Act, Intellectual Property Laws governing copyright infringement and patent protection issues”, torts addressing civil wrongs or injuries resulting from an individual or entity's actions or negligence and Employee Discrimination Laws ensuring equitable treatment during recruitment and employment. This paper endeavours to assess the various laws around the world which may be applicable for Artificial Intelligence and the growing need for legislation of the same.