https://lawjournals.celnet.in/index.php/jlil <p>National Journal of Labour and Industrial Law is a peer reviewd Journal encircling the labour law, also known as employment law and is about the body of laws, administrative rulings and precedents which address the legal rights and restrictions on working people and their organizations. As such, it mediates many aspects of the relationship between trade unions, employers and employees. In other words, Labour law defines the rights and obligations as workers, union members and employers in the workplace. Journal of Labour and Industrial Law gives scholars, practitioners and professionals an opportunity or platform for research in the field of law and current case studies on industrial disputes/ Labour Law and submit the valuable findings in the form of review paper, research paper, case studies, short article, book review etc.</p> An Imprint of Consortium E- Learning Network Pvt. Ltd. en-US National Journal of Labour and Industrial Law 2583-6498 https://lawjournals.celnet.in/index.php/jlil/article/view/2092 <p>The Code on Social Security, 2020 represents one of the most transformative labour law reforms undertaken in India in the twenty–first century. By consolidating nine central labour legislations relating to social security into a single legislative framework, the Code aims to simplify compliance, modernize regulatory governance, and expand the scope of social protection. The Code came into operational effect on 21 November 2025 and marked a significant milestone in India&amp;#39;s ongoing labour law reforms. Much of the existing scholarly debate has concentrated on the Code’s recognition of gig and platform workers and the emerging digital economy. However, comparatively little attention has been paid to its implications for traditional industrial establishments such as manufacturing units, engineering industries, steel plants, automobile factories, and textile mills that historically formed the backbone of India&amp;#39;s organized labour sector.<br>This article seeks to fill this scholarly gap by examining the structural implications of the Code for traditional industrial establishments. It critically evaluates three central reforms introduced by the Code: the standardized definition of wages and the 50 percent wage rule, the formal recognition of fixed-term employment along with its gratuity implications, and the<br>transformation of labour inspection through the “Inspector-cum-Facilitator” model. Through doctrinal analysis of statutory provisions and judicial precedents, including landmark decisions such as Bridge &amp;amp; Roof Co. v. Union of India and Vivekananda Vidyamandir v. Regional Provident Fund Commissioner, the article argues that the Code attempts to balance the twin objectives of labour welfare and economic efficiency. Nevertheless, its practical implementation raises significant concerns regarding compliance costs, regulatory uncertainties, and the risk of informalization within the organized industrial sector. The study concludes that while the Code represents a progressive step toward rationalizing labour regulation, its success ultimately depends on coherent state-level implementation, digital infrastructure, and a calibrated regulatory approach that protects workers without imposing unsustainable burdens on traditional industries.</p> Sabari S Gayathri N M Copyright (c) 2026 National Journal of Labour and Industrial Law 2026-05-31 2026-05-31 9 2 https://lawjournals.celnet.in/index.php/jlil/article/view/2059 <p>India’s rapid economic growth and structural transformation of the labour market highlight the urgent need for a comprehensive and inclusive socialprotection system. This paper examines the theoretical and empirical justification for establishing a Universal Social Security Framework in India, with particular relevance to workforce development and employment relations. Although social protection coverage has expanded over the past decade through welfare schemes and legislative reforms, the existing social security architecture remains fragmented, selective, and uneven. These limitations disproportionately affect informal sector workers, migrants, women, and other vulnerable groups who constitute a significant share of India’s labour force. Drawing on theories of social justice, welfare state development, and human rights, the paper argues that social security must be recognised as a fundamental right rather than a discretionary welfare provision, essential for inclusive and sustainable human resource development. The current system is characterised by multiple schemes with divergent eligibility criteria, limited portability, and strong employment-linked conditionalities, resulting in the partial or complete exclusion of large sections of the workforce due to informality, administrative barriers, and low awareness. The study highlights the growing mismatch between India’s reliance on targeted and employment-based welfare programmes and the realities of a labour market increasingly shaped by informality, gig work, and precarious employment. This misalignment, compounded by weak governance coordination, heightens income insecurity, undermines workforce stability, and constrains organisational and national productivity, as demonstrated during the COVID 19 pandemic. Using national and international data, the paper identifies both progress and persistent gaps in India’s social security system. While digitisation initiatives and legislative consolidation through the Code on Social Security represent important advancements, challenges related to implementation, fiscal integration, and centre state coordination remain. The paper concludes that a rights based universal social security framework is a policy, developmental, and moral imperative for strengthening labour market resilience, equity, and long-term human resource sustainability in India.</p> Digvijaysinh G. Thakore Firuzi S. Bhathena Copyright (c) 2026 National Journal of Labour and Industrial Law 2026-05-01 2026-05-01 9 2