Delimitation of Boundaries of the Caspian Sea in international Law
Keywords:
Caspian, legal Sea regime of Caspian Sea, law of the sea, international lawAbstract
Among the various names given to it, "Caspian Sea" is the most appropriate and common term to refer to the largest enclosed body of water in the world, located in the vicinity of Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan. The legal regime of the Caspian Sea was established by treaties in 1921 and 1940, and remained in place until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Despite their
commitment to the Soviet treaties and the disregard for the customary boundary created and other reasons, each of the littoral states are now signing new bilateral and trilateral treaties to secure a larger share of the Caspian Sea. The activities of a special working group of the littoral states have been ongoing since 1996. This study seeks to present the best available solution for identifying the legal regime and defining the boundaries of the Caspian Sea in accordance with international law by examining the positions of the countries and organizing the legal complexities of the region.
References
1. Churchill Robin. International Law of the Seas, 1387. Translated by Bahman Aghaei.
2. Dabiri Mohammad Reza. Article on the legal regime of the Caspian Sea. 2016.
3. Soleimani, Afshar, Shahrivar. 2014. The legal regime of the Caspian Sea: Challenges and prospects
4. Demirchi Lo, Mojtabi. 2018. Dissertation on the legal system of exploiting oil and gas resources of the Caspian Sea from the point of view of international law.
5. Chamanzar Ali. Essay on Iran's Caspian Sea issues in terms of general international law and the legal regime of Mazandaran Sea oil. 2015.
6. Abdi Mehdi. Article on determining the legal regime of the Caspian Sea according to Soviet changes.
7. Demirchi Lu, Mojtabi. Article Iranian view on the evolution of the legal regime of the Caspian Sea.
8. Barand Mohammadreza. 1991. An attitude towards the legal regime of the Caspian Sea . Middle East Quarterly, second year, vol. 3.
9. Dipla Haritini. The border in the international lakes Le trace de la frontiere sur les Lacs inter nation aux. Translated by Dr. Ebrahim Beyzadeh.
10. Mumtaz Jamshid. The challenges and prospects of the legal system of the Caspian Sea, translated by Morteza Safari. Journal of political and economic information. vol. 123.
11. The legal status of the Caspian Sea. Translated by Mohammad Mahdi Karimnia, Justice Magazine, vol. 2.
12. The Iranian representative's oral statement at the end of the 1982 conference, see: Churchill, Robin and Alan Lowe . International Law of the Seas . Translated by Bahman Aghaei, Ganj Danesh, Tehran. 2015; 689–694.
13. Arai Daronkola, Maysham. The relationship between the length of the coastline of countries and the limits of the continental shelf in the seas, the site of the International Institute for the Study of the Caspian Sea, Mazandaran. 2016.
14. Amirpour Ali. Examining the reasons for not ratifying the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea by Iran. 2012 Apr 15.
15. Ziyai Seyed Yaser. Delimitation of the Caspian Sea from the perspective of public international law. 2019 Nov 25.
16. Talai Farhad. Essay on the legal regime of the Caspian Sea . Translated by Mohammad Mahdi Kariminia.
17. Azimi Hamed. Law of the Seas article (1). 3/9/12.
18. Mohammad Reza Ziyai Begdali . Public International Law . 20th Edn. Tehran: Ganj Danesh Publications; 2014; 197.
19. Kamran Amir Mohammad Hassan Nami Farhad Jafari Ali Mohammadpour . Legal Regime and Demarcation of the Caspian Sea. Scientific Research Journal of the Iranian Geographical Society. Spring and Summer 2018; 7(20 and 21).
20. Kashani Javad. Common oil and gas resources from the perspective of international law. Allameh Tabatabai University, Shahr Danesh Publishing House.
21. Gudarzi Hamida. a sea, 5 neighbors and 6 legal treaties.
22. Farrokhi Rahmatullah. The legal regime of the Caspian Sea and the analysis of the positions of the coastal states with the criteria of international law. 2015.
23. Seyma Akkoyunlu. Turkey in The Caspian Sea Region. University of central Florida; 2008.
24. Churchill Robin R. Law of the Sea (international law).
25. Hanna Zimnitskaya James von Geldern. Is the Caspian Sea a sea; and why does it matter? Received 2 February 2010 Accepted- 7 April 2010.
26. Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties
27. Le trace de la frontiore sur les Lacs internationaux . Lucius CAFLISCH, Ralph ZACKLN - Le regime Juridique des flevuves et des lacs internationaux. Martinus press.
28. The Caspian. 2004. Available from: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203641675/caspian-shirin-akiner.
29. Sanei F. The Caspian Sea legal regime, pipeline diplomacy, and (the prospects for Iran’s isolation from the oil and gas Frenzy reconciling Tehran’s legal options with its geopolitical realities. Vanderbilt: Journal of Transnational Law. 2001; 34.
30. Namazi, S., & Farzin, F. (2004). Division of the Caspian Sea: Iranian policies and concerns. In S. Akiner (Ed.), The Caspian: Politics, energy and security (pp. 230–243). London: Routledge Curzon.
31. Mirfendereski G. Evolution of Iranian Sovereignty in the Caspian Sea. In : Amirahmadi H, editor. The Caspian region at a crossroad: Challenges of a new frontier of energy and development. New York: St Martin’s Press; 1999.
32. Mamedov R. International Legal Satus Of The Caspian Sea; Issues of theory and practice. Turkish Yearbook of International International legal status of the Caspian Sea: issues Relations. 2001; (32): 218–259.
33. Nick M. Rethinking multinational corporate governance in extractive industries: the Caspian development project and the promise of cooperative governance. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. 2015; 38(2): 577–614.
34. Janusz-Pawletta B. The Legal Status of theCaspian Sea. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2015. DOI 101007- -44730- -662- -978.
35. Barry Hart Dubner. The Caspian: Is It a Lake, a Sea or an Ocean and Does It Matter? The Danger of Utilizing Unilateral Approaches to Resolving Regional/International Issues . Dickinson Journal of International Law. 2000; 18(2): 253–291.
36. Maritime law. Nicholas, Joseph Healy. 2000.
37. Samuels JH. (2008). Condominium Arrangements in international Practice: reviving an abandoned concept of boundary dispute resolution. Michigan Journal of International Law. 2008; 29(4): 727– 776.
38. The legal status of the Caspian Sea. Namdar Hosseinzadeh. University of Central Florida; 2008.
39. Muddied Waters: The Crisis of the Legal Regime of the Caspian Sea, the Actors, and Its Impact on the Global Oil and Natural Gas Industry. Bridget Joyce. Lehigh University. 2013.
40. Janusz-Pawletta B. The Legal Status of the Caspian Sea. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2015. DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-44730.
41. Southern Caspian Sea Coasts, Morphology Sediment Characteristics, and Sea Level Change. Alireza Firoozfar- Edward N. Bromhead -Alan P. Dykes- Mir Ahmad Lashteh Neshaei
42. Gidel G. Le droit international Public de la mer. Paris: Sirey; 1932–1934.
43. Pondaven P. Les Lacs – frontières (Paris: ED. .A.Pedone, 1974), p. 12., même Gidel, op, cit, T. I, p.
44. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Available from: http://www.answers.com/topic/united-nations-convention-on-the-law-of-the-sea
45. Associated Press. US Law of the Sea. Available from: http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/ 2007/10/31/america/NA-GEN-US-Law-of-theSea.php?WT.mc_id=rssamerica. Published October 31, 2007.
46. Unknown author. Available from: http://internationallawof.blogfa.com/post-401.asp
47. IIKSS. Available from: https://www.iikss.com
48. Lawnet. Available from: www.lawnet.com//
49. Ettelaat. Available from: https://www.ettelaat.com/new/index.asp?fname
50. Lehigh University Library Research Prize. Available from: http://preserve.lehigh.edu/library - research-prize
51. Maghami A. Available from: Maghami@hoghoogh.com
52. Maghami A. Available from: www.maghami.blogfa.com
53. Penn State Law eLibrary. Available from: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr
54. Penn State Law Review. Available from: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol18/iss2/2
55. IIKSS. Available from: www.iikss.com
56. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Available from: http://www.answers.com/topic/ united-nations-convention-on-the-law-of-the-sea
57. United Nations Treaty Repository. Current status of the treaty. Available from: http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src¼TREATY&mtdsg no¼XXIII - 2&chapter¼23&lang¼en
58. Wikipehtht. Available from: https://fa.wikipehtht دری ای -خزر /wiki/g
59. Law of the Sea. Encyclopædia Britannica. Available from: http://www.britannica.com/topic/Law- of-the-Sea
60. Iran Newspaper. Available from: http://iran-newspaper.com/Newspaper/BlockPrint/17943
61. Asriran. Available from: http://www.asriran.com/fa/news/357992/ آی ا - ای ران - د ر- زمان- شورو ی-سابق - واقع ا - مال ک - 50 -درص د- خز ر- بو د
62. Iranboom. Available from: http://www.iranboom.ir/didehban/maaz/12779-----1921--1940---.html
63. IIKSS. Available from: http://www.iikss.com/fa/index.php/route/news_det/OTOÙ
64. Unknown author. Available from: …تن_کاملقرارداد (معاهده)_1940_اÛOEران_Ùˆ_شوروÛOE3
65. Sputnik News. Available from: https://ir.sputniknews.com/opinion/201703162314107/
66. Tnews. Available from: http://tnews.ir/news/587d72215832.html
67. H Saein PNU Blogfa. Available from: http://h-saeinpnu.blogfa.com/post-320.aspx
68. Tabnak. Available from: http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/pages/?cid=70644
69. Mazandnume. Available from: http://www.mazandnume.com/fullcontent/8117/ -%d8%b3%d9% 87%d9%85-%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d8%b2- %d8%af%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%ae%d8%b2%d8%b1-%da%86%d9%87- %d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%9f-/
70. IIKSS. Available from: http://www.iikss.com/fa/index.php/route/news_det/Nzk
71. President of Iran. Available from: www.president.ir5/NQ
72. Fararu. Available from: http://fararu.com/fa/news/208477/ تعیی ن- رژی م- حقوقی - دری ا ی- خز ر - در- گرو- موض ع- روسی ه
73. BlogyLaw. Available from: http://www.blogylaw.com/forum/showthread.php?tid=2287
74. Hamshahri Online. Available from: http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/94212/City/ - Iranenvironment
75. Aftabir. Available from: http://www.aftabir.com/articles/view/politics/iran/ c1c1192536388_caspian_p1.php/%d9%85%d8%b4%d8%ae%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%aa- %d8%b9%d9%85%d9%88%d9%85%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a7%db%8c- %d8%ae%d8%b2%d8%b1
76. Parssea Persian Blog. Available from: http://parssea.persianblog.ir/tag/%d8%a8% d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1_%d9%88_%d8%b2%db%8c%d8%b1_%d8%a8%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8 %b1_%d8%af%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a7%da%86%d9%87
77. Shirazu Revolution. Available from: http://revolution.shirazu.ac.ir/?p=9614
78. BlogyLaw. Available from: http://www.blogylaw.com/forum/showthread.php?tid=1694
79. Teerex. Available from: http://teerex.ir/456/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%db%8c%d9%84- %d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%87-%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c- %d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b9%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b4%d9%88%d8%b1- %d9%82%d8%a8%d9%84-%d9%88-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d8%a7%d8%b2/
80. Aftabir. Available from: http://www.aftabir.com/articles/view/politics/ iran/c1c1199284962_ caspian_p1.php/%d8%b3%d9%87%d9%85-%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86- %d8%a7%d8%b2-%d8%ae%d8%b2%d8%b1
81. Aviny. Available from: http://old.aviny.com/Article/gozaresh/93/02/caspian-sea.aspx
82. Mazandnume. Available from: http://www.mazandnume.com/fullcontent/8117/ -%d8%b3%d9% 87%d9%85-%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d8%b2- %d8%af%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%ae%d8%b2%d8%b1-%da%86%d9%87- %d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%9f-/
83. Various News Agencies (Mashregh, Khaneh Mellat, Hamshahri Online, Aapa, Seda va Sima, Etemad, Ettelaat).
